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Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome 

[WebMD]: Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome is a condition that affects the duodenum — the section of the small intestine that joins the stomach. The syndrome is caused by the compressing of the duodenum by the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). The superior mesenteric artery is one of the major arteries from the aorta (your body’s main artery). The main artery is pretty muscular and may hinder food movement through the small intestine.

In SMA the duodenum may get compressed by the arteries, preventing movement of food through the small intestine. That causes bowel obstruction that widens and damages the duodenum. This is a very rare condition of the gastrointestinal system.

Teens and young adults are most commonly affected by this syndrome, and women are likelier than men to have it. 

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Nutcracker Syndrome:

[ClevelandClinic] Nutcracker syndrome is a condition that affects your left renal vein. This is the vein that carries blood away from your left kidney and back to your heart. Nutcracker syndrome is a type of extrinsic vein compression syndrome. In these syndromes, the structure of your blood vessels puts pressure on one of your veins.

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If you have nutcracker syndrome, two arteries in your belly compress part of your left renal vein. This compression raises the blood pressure in your renal vein and forces some blood to flow in the wrong direction. As a result, nearby veins swell, causing symptoms and potentially leading to complications.

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Gastroparesis:

[MayoClinic] Gastroparesis is a condition in which the muscles in the stomach don't move food as they should for it to be digested.

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Most often, muscles contract to send food through the digestive tract. But with gastroparesis, the stomach's movement, called motility, slows or doesn't work at all. This keeps the stomach from emptying well.

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Pelvic Congestion Syndrome:

[ClevelandClinic] Pelvic congestion syndrome — also called pelvic venous insufficiency — is a chronic pain condition associated with blood flow problems in your pelvic veins. “Chronic” means pain lasting longer than 6 months that isn’t associated with either your menstrual cycle or pregnancy.

The pelvic pain associated with PCS often involves faulty veins in your ovaries and pelvis. The veins dilate (widen) and may become twisted and overfilled with blood. As a result, blood may pool in your pelvis and feel painful.

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Mast Cell Activation Syndrome

[ClevelandClinic] Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) is when you have unexplained episodes of severe symptoms like swelling, diarrhea, vomiting, flushing and itching. Unlike allergies, which happen when you eat a certain food or touch something you react to, MCAS episodes happen without a clear trigger.

In some cases, mast cell activation can cause anaphylaxis, a severe allergic condition that can be life-threatening. It can cause you to have trouble breathing and drop your blood pressure to dangerously low levels. 

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Mast cells are a type of immune cells responsible for immune reactions. While it can be scary to have mysterious symptoms and want answers, activation of mast cells is common. For instance, conditions like allergic rhinitis and asthma, allergic reactions (like anaphylaxis to drugs or food) and mastocytosis all activate mast cells. This causes them to release proteins that give you symptoms that are bothersome at best, and dangerous at worst. Other common conditions can also cause unexplained symptoms.

 

Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome

[MayoClinic] Median arcuate ligament syndrome, also called MALS, happens when the band of tissue in the upper belly area presses on the artery that sends blood to the stomach, spleen and liver. This tissue is called the median arcuate ligament. The artery is called the celiac artery.

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The median arcuate ligament creates a pathway between the chest and belly area for the body's main blood vessel, called the aorta. Typically, the ligament goes across the aorta. The celiac artery sits just below the arch.

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But sometimes, the ligament or arteries may be out of place. The ligament may put pressure on the celiac artery and the network of surrounding nerves, called the celiac plexus. This pressure can cause the symptoms of MALS. The condition can cause serious stomach pain in some people.

MALS can occur in anyone, even children. Other names for MALS are:

• Celiac artery compression syndrome.

• Celiac axis syndrome.

• Dunbar syndrome.

Treatment involves surgery to release pressure from the ligament on the artery and nerves.